Stakeholder dynamics in the implementation of Low Emission Zones

Agnieszka Gałczyńska; Michał Karkowski

doi:10.7409/rabdim.025.038

Published: 2025-12-22

Vol. 24 No. 4 (2025)

Stakeholder dynamics in the implementation of Low Emission Zones

Agnieszka Gałczyńska

, Michał Karkowski

Section: Articles

https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.025.038

Abstract

Urban air pollution poses significant threats to public health, environmental sustainability, and economic stability, with vehicle emissions constituting the largest source of harmful contaminants in urban areas. Addressing these challenges and achieving climate neutrality requires a 90% reduction in transport-related emissions by 2050. As described in the article, Low Emission Zones (LEZs) and Zero Emission Zones (ZEZs) have emerged as key policy instruments aimed at restricting access for high-emission vehicles while promoting cleaner transport alternatives, including public transport, cycling, and walking. In the paper, LEZs are conceptualized as mechanisms designed to improve air quality, protect public health, advance climate objectives, and enhance social inclusion. The effective implementation of LEZs necessitates coordinated engagement among multiple stakeholders, including local authorities, motorists, businesses, environmental non-governmental organizations, public transport operators, residents, and vulnerable social groups. Case studies from London, Warsaw, and Cracow demonstrate diverse governance approaches and stakeholder dynamics, illustrating both the advantages and challenges associated with LEZ implementation. In the paper, the findings indicate that although LEZs contribute to measurable reductions in air pollutants, noise levels, and health risks, they also generate concerns related to equity, economic impacts, and public acceptance, thereby underscoring the need for transparent communication, phased implementation strategies, and targeted support measures to ensure long-term effectiveness and societal acceptance.

Keywords:

stakeholder dynamics, Low Emission Zones, Zero Emission Zones, transport equity, social acceptance

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Gałczyńska, A., & Karkowski, M. (2025). Stakeholder dynamics in the implementation of Low Emission Zones. Roads and Bridges – Drogi I Mosty, 24(4), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.7409/rabdim.025.038

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