Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty
22, 4, 2023, 579-592

Stiffness of MCE mixtures based on cement dusty by-products and recycled aggregate

Łukasz Skotnicki Mail
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-2311
Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 41 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław
Jarosław Kuźniewski Mail
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4071-9207
Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 41 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław
Published: 2023-12-30

Abstract

This paper presents the possibilities of reusing recycled materials in road pavement constructions. This study analyses the effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and cement dusty by-products (UCPP) on the stiffness of mineral-cement-emulsion (MCE) mixtures. Asphalt waste can be used as a secondary raw material for the preparation of cement-stabilised mixtures in cold recycling technology. The use of MCE mixtures in road pavement construction is one way of disposing of construction waste. Testing of MCE mixtures with UCPP was aimed at confirming the applicability of these materials for cold recycled pavement structure layers. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of the innovative UCPP binding agent on the mechanical properties of MCE mixtures. The stiffness of the mixtures in question was analysed. Tests were carried out for fine- and coarse-grained mixtures. The stiffness modulus in indirect tension test on cylindrical specimens (IT-CY) was carried out according to EN 12697-26. Indirect tensile strength (ITS) testing was carried out according to EN 12697-23. The use of innovative binders has made it possible to reduce the stiffness of individual MCE mixtures compared to reference mixtures containing conventional cement, while still maintaining adequate durability. The relationships developed between IT-CY stiffness and ITS strength will allow the design and execution of MCE mixtures in road pavements to be optimised. The use of UCPP changed the mechanical properties of MCE mixtures by reducing their stiffness. This will contribute to the cracking resistance of the base and sub-base layers and increase their fatigue life. The innovative material was used in the experimental section and it is being monitored.

Keywords


mineral-cement-emulsion mixture, innovative road binder, recycling, fatigue durability, fracture toughness

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kukiełka J.: Asphalt pavements of local government roads. Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, 2013

Merrill D., Nunn M., Carswell I.: A guide to the use and specification of cold recycled materials for the maintenance of road pavements. Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), Report 611, 2004

Lewis A., Collings D.: Cold in place recycling: a relevant process for road rehabilitation and upgrading. 7th Conference on Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa, CAPSA, 29 August – 2 September 1999

Weinert F.: Merkblatt Kaltrecycling in situ – Betonstrassentagung 2001. Heft 25 (FGSV: Merkblatt für Kaltrecycling in situ im Straßenoberbau), Entwurf, Köln, 2002

Jasieński A., Rens L.: In situ recycling with cement – the Belgian experience. Seminar on Road Pavement Recycling, Warsaw, Poland, 10–11 October 2002

Zhang J., Ding L., Li F., Peng J.: Recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes as alternative filling materials for highway subgrades in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255, 120223, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120223

Mehrjardi G.T., Azizi A., Haji-Azizi A., Asdollafardi G.: Evaluating and improving the construction and demolition waste technical properties to use in road construction. Transportation Geotechnics, 23, 100349, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100349

Huber S., Henzinger C., Heyer D.: Influence of water and frost on the performance of natural and recycled materials used in unpaved roads and road shoulders. Transportation Geotechnics, 22, 100305, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100305

Tavira J., Jiménez J.R., Ledesma E.F., López-Uceda A., Ayuso J.: Real-scale study of a heavy traffic road built with in situ recycled demolition waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, 119219, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119219

Cristelo N., Vieira C.S., de Lurdes Lopes M.: Geotechnical and geoenvironmental assessment of recycled construction and demolition waste for road embankments. Procedia Engineering, 143, 2016, 51–58, DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.007

Soleimanbeigi A., Edil T.B.: Compressibility of recycled materials for use as highway embankment fill. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141, 5, 2015, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001285

Liu L., Li Z., Cai G., Liu X., Yan S.: Humidity field characteristics in road embankment constructed with recycled construction wastes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, 120977, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120977

Liu L., Li Z., Congress S.S.C., Liu X., Dai B.: Evaluating the influence of moisture on settling velocity of road embankment constructed with recycled construction wastes. Construction and Building Materials, 241, 117988, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117988

Arulrajah A., Disfani M.M., Horpibulsuk S., Suksiripattanapong C., Prongmanee N.: Physical properties and shear strength responses of recycled construction and demolition materials in unbound pavement base/subbase applications. Construction and Building Materials, 58, 2014, 245–257, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.025

Azam A.M., Cameron D.A.: Geotechnical properties of blends of recycled clay masonry and recycled concrete aggregates in unbound pavement construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25, 6, 2013, 788–798, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000634

Gabr A.R., Cameron D.A.: Properties of recycled concrete aggregate for unbound pavement construction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 24, 6, 2012, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000447

Anghelescu L., Cruceru M., Diaconu B.: Building materials obtained by recycling coal ash and waste drilling fluid and characterization of engineering properties by means of Artificial Neural Networks. Construction and Building Materials, 227, 116616, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.342

Xue Y., Arulrajah A., Narsilio G.A., Horpibulsuk S., Chu J.: Washed recycled sand derived from construction and demolition wastes as engineering fill materials. Construction and Building Materials, 358, 129433, 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129433

Huang Y., Bird R.N., Heidrich O.: A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 1, 2007, 58–73, DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.02.002

Rongali U., Singh G., Chourasiya A., Jain Dr P.K.: Laboratory investigation on use of fly ash plastic waste composite in bituminous concrete mixtures. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 104, 2013, 89–98, DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.101

Wang Q.Z., Wang N.N., Tseng M.L., Huang Y.M., Li N.L.: Waste tire recycling assessment: Road application potential and carbon emissions reduction analysis of crumb rubber modified asphalt in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 249, 4, 119411, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119411

Nanjegowda V.H., Biligiri K.P.: Recyclability of rubber in asphalt roadway systems: A review of applied research and advancement in technology. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 155, 104655, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104655

Zhong H., Chen M., Zhang M.: Engineering properties of sustainable engineered cementitious composites with recycled tyre polymer fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 370, 130672, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130672

Ren J., Wang S., Zang G.: Effects of recycled aggregate composition on the mechanical characteristics and material design of cement stabilized cold recycling mixtures using road milling materials. Construction and Building Materials, 244, 118329, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118329

Zhang L.W., Sojobi A., Kodur V.R., Liew K.M.: Effective utilization and recycling of mixed recycled aggregates for a greener environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 10, 117600, 2019,DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.075

Visintin P., Xie T., Bennett B.: A large-scale life-cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete: The influence of functional unit, emissions allocation and carbon dioxide uptake. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, 119243, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119243

Instructions for the design and embedding of mineral-cement-emulsion mixtures (MCE). General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA), Annex No. 9.4.2 RID, 2019

Fang L., Zhou J., Yang Z., Yuan Q., Que Y.: Interaction between cement and asphalt emulsion and its influences on asphalt emulsion demulsification, cement hydration and rheology. Construction and Building Materials, 329, 127220, 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127220

Yang W., Ouyang J., Meng Y., Han B., Sha Y.: Effect of curing and compaction on volumetric and mechanical properties of cold-recycled mixture with asphalt emulsion under different cement contents. Construction and Building Materials, 297, 123699, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123699

Kukiełka J., Bańkowski W.: The experimental study of mineral-cement-emulsion mixtures with rubber powder addition. Construction and Building Materials, 226, 2019, 759–766, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.276

Kuźniewski J., Skotnicki Ł.: Properties of mineral-cement emulsion mixtures based on concrete aggregates from recycling. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 12, e00309, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00309

Dołżycki B., Jaskuła P.: Review and evaluation of cold recycling with bitumen emulsion and cement for rehabilitation of old pavements. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 6, 4, 2019, 311–323, DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2019.02.002

López-Alonso M., Martinez-Echevarria M.J., Garach L., Galán A., Ordoñez J., Agrela F.: Feasible use of recycled alumina combined with recycled aggregates in road construction. Construction and Building Materials, 195, 2019, 249–257, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.084

Birgisdóttir H., Bhander G., Hauschild M.Z., Christensen T.H.: Life cycle assessment of disposal of residues from municipal solid waste incineration: Recycling of bottom ash in road construction or landfilling in Denmark evaluated in the ROAD-RES model. Waste Management, 27, 8, 2007, S75–S84, DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.016

Loaiza A., Colorado H.A.: Marshall stability and flow tests for asphalt concrete containing electric arc furnace dust waste with high ZnO contents from the steel making process. Construction and Building Materials, 166, 2018, 769–778, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.012

Juveria F., Rajeev F.J.P., Jegatheesan P., Sanjayan J.: Impact of stabilisation on mechanical properties of recycled concrete aggregate mixed with waste tyre rubber as a pavement material. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e02001, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02001

Liu L., Cai G., Zhang J., Liu X., Liu K.: Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled waste tire-sand/soil in geotechnical engineering: A compressive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 126, 109831, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109831

Nanjegowda V.H., Biligiri K.P.: Recyclability of rubber in asphalt roadway systems: A review of applied research and advancement in technology. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 155, 104655, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104655

Xue Y., Liu C., Qu J., Lv S., Ju Z., Ding S., An H., Ren K.: Research on pavement performance of recycled asphalt mixture based on separation technology of asphalt and aggregate in RAP. Construction and Building Materials, 393, 132103, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132103

Li M., Liu L., Huang W., Wang H.: Study on the mixing process improvement for hot recycled asphalt mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 365, 130068, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.130068

Yao X., Xu T.: Fatigue fracture and self-healing behaviors of cold recycled emulsified asphalt mixture containing microcapsules based on semicircular bending test. Journal of Cleaner Production, 410, 137171, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137171

Naser M., Abdel-Jaber M., Al-shamayleh R., Louzi N., Ibrahim R.: Evaluating the effects of using reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycled concrete aggregate on the behavior of hot mix asphalts. Transportation Engineering, 10, 100140, 2022, DOI: 10.1016/j.treng.2022.100140

Dareyni M., Pourjafar S.V., Moghaddam A.M.: Cationic asphalt emulsion as an additive of RCC Pavement: Exploring for Mode-I fracture behavior and dynamic modulus properties. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 283, 109211, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2023.109211

Angelakopoulos H., Papastergiou P., Pilakoutas K.: Fibrous roller-compacted concrete with recycled materials – feasibility study. Magazine of Concrete Research, 67, 15, 2015, 801–811, DOI: 10.1680/macr.14.00246

Beja I.A., Motta R., Bernucci L.B.: Application of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste with Portland cement and hydrated lime as pavement subbase in Brazil. Construction and Building Materials, 258, 119520, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119520

Song X., Qiao P., Wen H.: Recycled aggregate concrete enhanced with polimer aluminium sulfate. Magazine of Concrete Research, 67, 10, 2015, 496–502, DOI: 10.1680/macr.14.00119

Nwakaire C.M., Yap S.P., Yuen C.W., Onn C.C., Koting S., Babalghaith A.M.: Laboratory study on recycled concrete aggregate based asphalt mixtures for sustainable flexible pavement surfacing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 262, 121462, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121462

Kox S., Vanroelen G., Van Herck J., de Krem H., Vandoren B.: Experimental evaluation of the high-grade properties of recycled concrete aggregates and their application in concrete road pavement construction. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 11, e00282, 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00282

Chen T., Luan Y., Ma T., Zhu J., Huang X., Ma S.: Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of different interfaces in cold recycled mixture containing cement and asphalt emulsion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120674, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120674

Chen T., Ma T., Huang X., Ma S., Tang F., Wu S.: Microstructure of synthetic composite interfaces and verification of mixing order in cold-recycled asphalt emulsion mixture. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121467, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121467

Bai G., Zhu C., Liu C., Liu B.: An evaluation of the recycled aggregate characteristics and the recycled aggregate concrete mechanical properties. Construction and Building Materials, 240, 117978, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117978

Chen T., Luan Y., Ma T., Zhu J., Huang X., Ma S.: Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of different interfaces in cold recycled mixture containing cement and asphalt emulsion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120674, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120674

Corradini A., Cerni G., Porceddu P.R.: Comparative study on resilient modulus of natural and post-quake recycled aggregates in bound and unbound pavement subbase applications. Construction and Building Materials, 297, 123717, 2021, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123717

Noura S., Yaghoubi E., Fragomeni S., Wasantha P.L.P., Van Staden R.: Fatigue and stiffness characteristics of asphalt mixtures made of recycled aggregates. International Journal of Fatigue, 174, 107714, 2023, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107714

Dołżycki B., Jaczewski M., Szydłowski C.: The long-term properties of mineral-cement-emulsion mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 156, 2017, 799–808, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.032

Skotnicki Ł., Kuźniewski J.: Cracking resistance of recycled mineral-cement-emulsion mixtures. Roads and Bridges – Drogi i Mosty, 22, 1, 2023, 19–39, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.023.002

Zhou J., Zeng M., Chen Y., Zhong M.: Evaluation of cement stabilized recycled concrete aggregates treated with waste oil and asphalt emulsion. Construction and Building Materials, 199, 2019, 143–153, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.028

Guha A.H., Assaf G.J.: Effect of Portland cement as a filler in hot-mix asphalt in hot regions. Journal of Building Engineering, 28, 101036, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101036

Du S.: Mechanical properties and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilized macadam with asphalt emulsion. Construction and Building Materials, 203, 2019, 408–416, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.126

Skotnicki Ł., Kuźniewski J., Szydło A.: Stiffness identification of foamed asphalt mixtures with cement, evaluated in laboratory and in situ in road pavements. Materials, 13, 5, 1128, 2020, 1–19, DOI: 10.3390/ma13051128

Kuźniewski J., Skotnicki Ł.: Influence of the compaction method on mineral-cement emulsion mixture properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28, 11, 04016138, 2016, 1–9, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001651

Kuźniewski J., Skotnicki Ł., Szydło A.: Fatigue durability of asphalt-cement mixtures. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences, 63, 1, 2020, 107–111, DOI: 10.1515/bpasts-2015-0012

PN-EN 13286-2:2010 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures – Part 2: Test methods for the determination of the laboratory reference density and water content – Proctor compaction

Szydło A., Mackiewicz P., Skotnicki Ł., Kuźniewski J.: Evaluation of the impact of an innovative binding agent on the physical, mechanical and rheological properties of a recycled base layer, made of a mineral-binder mixture with an asphalt emulsion. in: TECHMATSTRATEG “Modern Material Technologies” Program, Report No. 3/2/PWr/2019. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland, 2019

Szydło A., Mackiewicz P., Skotnicki Ł., Kuźniewski J.: An innovative technology using binding agent optimization that provides long service life of cold-recycled pavement construction – Report of the Institute of Civil Engineering on Wroclaw University of Science and Technology no. SPR 74. Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland, 2019

PN-EN 13808:2013-10 Bitumen and bituminous binders – Framework for specifying cationic bituminous emulsions

Zhang Z., Cong C., Xi W., Li S.: Application research on the performances of pavement structure with foamed asphalt cold recycling mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 169, 2018, 396–402, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.134

Gui-Ping H., Wing-Gun W.: Effects of moisture on strength and permanent deformation of foamed asphalt mix incorporating RAP materials. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1, 2008, 30–40, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.033

Yan J., Ni F., Yang M., Li J.: An experimental study on fatigue properties of emulsion and foam cold recycled mixes. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 11, 2010, 2151–2156, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.044

PN-EN 12697-26:2018-08 Bituminous mixtures – Test methods – Part 26: Stiffness

PN-EN 12697-23:2017-12 Bituminous mixtures – Test methods – Part 23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens


Stiffness of MCE mixtures based on cement dusty by-products and recycled aggregate

  
Skotnicki, Łukasz; Kuźniewski, Jarosław. Stiffness of MCE mixtures based on cement dusty by-products and recycled aggregate. Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, [S.l.], v. 22, n. 4, p. 579-592, dec. 2023. ISSN 2449-769X. Available at: <>. Date accessed: 28 Apr. 2024. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7409/RABDIM.023.038.


Bookmark and Share